Which of the following is NOT a component of ethical research?

The correct answer highlights that manipulation of data is not a component of ethical research. Ethical research is grounded in principles that ensure the dignity, rights, and welfare of research participants. The main components of ethical research typically include respect for persons, which emphasizes the need to obtain informed consent and acknowledge autonomy; beneficence, which focuses on minimizing harm and maximizing benefits for participants; and justice, which ensures fair distribution of the research benefits and burdens among different groups of people.

Manipulation of data, on the other hand, undermines the integrity of the research process. It violates ethical standards and can lead to false conclusions, jeopardizing not only the trustworthiness of the findings but also the safety and well-being of participants and society at large. Therefore, this choice is correct as it exemplifies an unethical practice that is contrary to the fundamental principles guiding responsible research conduct.