What does "human subject" refer to in research?

The term "human subject" in research specifically refers to a living individual from whom researchers collect data, whether that is through direct interaction, such as interviews or physical examinations, or through interventions, which may involve experimental treatments or procedures. This definition is crucial for understanding ethical considerations and protections in research involving human participants. It highlights the importance of informed consent, privacy, and the rights of individuals participating in studies.

The other concepts, while relevant in various contexts, do not fit the definition of a "human subject." For example, a legal entity does not pertain to individual human subjects as it refers to organizations or institutions recognized by law. Similarly, a computer model used in simulations is not a living individual, and historical figures, while they may be referenced in research, do not involve direct participation or data collection as living subjects. Thus, the definition focusing on living individuals ensures the ethical management of research involving human participants, safeguarding their rights and well-being.