What constitutes coercion in the context of research?

Coercion in the context of research is identified by the use of force or threats to obtain consent from participants. This means that if individuals feel pressured to participate due to intimidation, physical force, or explicit threats, their autonomy in making a decision about their involvement in a study is compromised. Consent obtained under such conditions cannot be considered valid because it violates the ethical principles of voluntary participation and respect for persons.

In contrast, providing monetary incentives may encourage participation but does not necessarily constitute coercion unless it becomes excessive or manipulative. Offering participants the freedom to withdraw at any time is a fundamental ethical principle in research, ensuring that individuals maintain control over their involvement. Compelling advertisements may attract participants, but they do not inherently involve any threats or force and therefore do not meet the criteria for coercion.